1) Ethics of Caring for Creatures: Taking humane care of all the organisms, plants, and animals that are participating in the study is a must in all lines of research for many reasons. Most importantly it is the obligation of the scientist to adhere to the 3 R's of Animal Research at all times.
a. Replace- animal experiments with non-animal techniques.
b. Reduce- the number of animals used to the lowest possible number.
c. Refine- the way experiments are carried out.
Furthermore, the experimental design must offer every practicable safeguard to the
animal. "Animals lives should not be wasted because of inadequate knowledge of the requirements of the species being used, incorrect management or handling techniques, inappropriate or incorrect experimental design, or lack of surgical knowledge and experience. It must be remembered that animals can and do suffer if knowledge, practices, and proper procedures are lacking. Animal care is everyone’s responsibility" (Giridharan, 2000).
If taking the life of an animal is necessary for the research it must be done carefully and in strict adherence to the proper guidelines. Also animals should only be terminated for scientific purposes if it is absolutely impossible to keep the animal alive.
2) Ethics of Reporting all Findings: Far too often scientists enter into a study with a preconceived conception of the expected or even desired outcome. Scientists who have fallen into this pitfall have been known to lean on their data, "fudge," plagiarize, underreport or overreport data, or even down right lie about findings.
Cases of Scientific Misconduct:
Elias Alsabti who apparently plagiarized as many as 60 scientific papers during the late 1970's. John Darsee whose scientific career in cardiovascular research appears to have included a series of fabricated experiments. William Summerlin whose work in immunology in the early 1970s was challenged when skin grafts on mice were found to have been drawn with a black marking pen. Robert Gallo's claims to priority in the isolation and identification of the AIDS virus. David Baltimore's involvement in an immunological experiment that still cannot be replicated by other researchers (History of Research Ethics)
3) Ethics of Limiting Impact of Research:
Humans can arbitrarily impact scientific research in several ways. Following the thread of animal research a common way humans impact and in effect alter the outcome of research is by interacting with animals in different ways. Each interaction a researcher has with his or her animals changes the way they behave and the results that are obtained from the study. All researchers must be mindful of this impact and keep it to a minimum. Furthermore, scientists need to acknowledge the fact that conditions in a laboratory and/or the handling of animals by humans does impact results and therefore should be mentioned in the research paper if it is deemed necessary.
Another way humans may impact current and future research is by tampering with the ecosystem or environment that is being studied. This is very important in all research because if specimens are studied outside of their natural environment the results may be altered do to increased stress. But also if the organisms are studied in their environment the preservation of that environment is very important to the current an future research in that area.
